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Quality Medical Education In The Medical Colleges In India Necessary For Uplifting The Health Status

If someone has said that the education is vital for a bright future, then the health system in India requires a perfect implementation of this saying. The need for doctors for serving their country is at the peak. The number of students, opting for the medical education, is soaring as never before because of the rise in the number of medical colleges in India. And the pack of it is being led by the states of Tamilnadu and Maharashtra where more than half of the private medical colleges in the country can be found.

The trend is an obvious upliftment of the medical education in the country as the number of doctors that would pass out can easily fill up the huge deficiency in the health provision to the general public. Under the aegis of the medical council of India which looks after the stringent system of education, the private and government colleges in India are making every effort to bring out the best in the students.

The five long years of the courses of MBBS and BDS in the medical colleges, aims at harnessing the talent of the students towards a common goal of public service. With patients that are never going to wane off and the diseases remaining prevalent in one form or the other, the requirement of doctors to the society will always be there. The question then is about the number of doctors that could be sufficient to ensure that treatment reaches each and every person. To make this a reality, the need of the time is to educate more number of students by establishing quality medical colleges.

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Be it under the private organizations or by the government bodies, medical colleges in India are needed drastically and efforts are on full swing with a steady pace to make more colleges and increase the intake capacity of the existing one. Most colleges that have a well established education system and were enrolling 100 students are now being given a green to get more students. Entrance exams on pan Indian basis are being conducted every year as well as by the individual states to take in students.

The best ranked students get to choose their colleges while many other also opt for the private institutes depending on the affordability factor. With rules binding on the colleges, the enrollment system has been streamlined. The large numbers of medical colleges in Tamilnadu are admitting students in the full capacity as the charm of studying medical still ranks high among the society. Parents are preparing their students to face the rigor of the curriculum and the students are also bracing themselves to become citizens of the country in the service of the mankind.

The medical colleges in Maharashtra in various cities are well equipped to train the students in their curriculum so that they become excellent doctors. Although, private colleges have been coming up in more numbers in comparison to the government colleges in these states, they have a excellent standard of education as the medical council keeps a strict vigil on the quality, year after year. With laws and guidelines laid down for the colleges, education standard is kept on the top priority in Maharashtra, Tamilnadu and any other state in India.

Entrance Exam in India and Abroad ? Get Details about Law Entrance Exam , Engineering Entrance Exams , Medical Entrance test , MCA and & MBA Entrance

Law entrance exam

Legal profession is one of the growing and lucrative profession. There are number of institutions and universities conducting courses in law and the admission is through entrance test which are usually held in the month of April/May. Check out for Law Entrance Examinations.Common Law Admission Test (CLAT), for graduate and post-graduate courses, is an outcome of the initiative taken by the Human Candidates seeking admission to the Under Graduate (LLB) and Post Graduate (LLM) Programmes in the above mentioned Law schools must appear in Common Law Admission Test (CLAT). The admission is based on the rank of the candidate in the entrance examination.

Engineering Entrance Exam

When it comes to getting admission in a renowned Engineering college, you have to secure a excellent position in the Engineering Entrance Exams conducted all over India by different Engineering Institutes. If you are plotting to sit for Engineering Entrance Exams 2009. In India engineering entrance examinations or AIEEE is considered as one of the top entrance examination conducted by government authorities. But for those who aspire to become engineers, the first step is to prepare for entrance examination, and then finally getting through it. All-India Engineering/Architecture Entrance Examination (AIEEE) is conducted by CBSE, Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development in compliance with the directives of the Government of India, for admission to degree level courses in Engineering and Architecture in Central Universities, National Institutes of Technology, Deemed Universities and Institutions in the States/UTs other than those covered by Joint Entrance Examination/ State Level Entrance Examination for paid or unpaid seats based on the score. For students who are preparing for IIT/AIEEE, educational and admission consultants formulate study programs that are relevant and up to date in accordance with the syllabus that is being offered by the examination authority.

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Medical Entrance Exams

Medical education is controled and monitored by the Medical Council of India (MCI). Most of the Government Medical Colleges offer admissions only to Indian students on the basis of their performance in a competitive entrance test.

Medical Education in India is also given an vital consideration from an international point of view. The Medical Council of India (MCI) controls medical Education in India.All States and all Universities or Colleges that give medical education is monitored and timely inspected by the Medical Council of India every year. They allow colleges or universities to grant MBBS, MS, MD, BDS, MDS or any Graduate or PG degree or diploma provided those colleges are strictly adhering to the standards set by the Medical Council of India.

The MBBS course is of four and a half year’s and is followed by one year of Compulsory Rotating Residential Internship. The course is taken in three stages, following a small foundation course which provides basic principles of Communication, Ethics and Problem Based Learning. The basic sciences of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry and the next stage is  includes Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine.

The last stage is for 24 months and covers Ophthalmology, Community Medicine, General Medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery and Obstetrics & Gynecology.

MCA Entrance exam

The MCA Programme Masters in Computer Applications (MCA) is a three-year, full-time Post Graduate Programme imparted by various universities across India. The primary emphasis in MCA is on training students on designing information systems for various organisations such as banks, insurance companies, hotels, hospitals etc.Thus, the main function of MCA graduates is development of application software in diverse areas The MCA programme offers career opportunities in the areas such as Management Information Systems, System Analysis & Design, Quality Management, e-business, ERP, Web enabled services, Content Development, Animation, Computer Education, IT Consultancy and Computer Communication Security amongst others.

MBA Education

The MBA program combines high-quality core curriculum with the Knowledge and Learning Management specialization curriculum that is consistently updated to ensure real-world relevancy to today’s global marketplace. At Walden, you have maximum flexibility to design an MBA program that meets your needs and interests.  If you want to become a management graduate and make a mark in the management of business in the country or abroad, there are many institutes, both State – run and private, which can provide you the requisite degree. Get online info about mba education management, distance management courses, programs and careers from our portal Indiaedumart.  Find list of top mba universities, colleges and institute in India and abroad.

Medical Malpractice and informed consent
CONSENT

and medical malpractice

Introduction

There was a sharp increase in the number of trials that have arisen due to the absence of consent or inadequate consent patients for various procedures. This is because significant changes in the relationship between doctor and patient with the impact of technology in daily practice. Patients more aware of their rights and are willing to make the choice and choice about treatment Many repairs to be done to minimize future disputes, as many doctors to know their legal obligations and did not achieve the change in the thinking of the judge sees that there is a lack of knowledge and not enough aware of the legal and ethical requirements of the consent in clinical medicine in India. This paper examines the ethical, legal and clinical consent.

APPROACH

initial consent

The traditional doctor-patient relationship and its principle of medical ethics requires the doctor to do what we reckon the benefit of the patient. Traditional doctor-patient relationship was one in which the physician and patient were unequal partners in service contracting with medical knowledge to make the special advantage. The principle of protecting the confidence of those decisions. The medical profession, even refused to recognize the wishes of the patient and felt that he knows what is best for the patient – a paternalistic attitude. Doctors do not agree that the patient has the right to make their own free choice and choice in principle of autonomy.

CHANGE OF FOCUS

The change in the environment and awareness of patients’ rights has eroded the ancient model. The new preferred model for the treatment of a physician as a provider of rental services, governed by negotiation and business relationships. The patient of today, choose to have the opportunity to choose and dismiss their doctors. They have the resources and can express their preferences about choice-making about general or specific treatments, even. They prefer to question questions, to reject the proposals offered by the doctors according to their personal opinion. The process of clinical-ethics of shared choice making is reflected in the legal doctrine of informed consent. (IC) Informed consent is intended to force the doctor to give the patient the knowledge that make him a partner in the negotiation itself. Thus, informed consent is intended to transform the essence of the doctor-patient for an operation of contractual and contractual relations are supposed to promote individual autonomy and freedom of choice.

MEANING OF CONSENT

reported is defined as the voluntary acceptance of a competent patient has a care plot after the doctor gives to tell adequately the proposed plot, its risks and benefits and alternative approaches and options that patient consent must meet two essential requirements has.Informed must first be free and voluntary, and the second should be based on adequate and reasonable disclosure made by the physician.

Consent

is called free if it is not caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misinterpretation or error. The consent must be to a lawful act and should not disobey any of the provisions of the law. Is known as a consent if the information given by a person after receiving the following information: the nature and purpose of the procedure or treatment proposed, the expected outcome and the chances of success, risks, alternatives to the procedure and information complementary relationship with the alternatives, and the effect of the absence of treatment or procedure, including the effect on the prognosis and the risks associated with any treatment. Also included are instructions on what to do if the procedure is harmful or not.

common sense of the authorization is an authorization, then they see the law as a contract is a binding agreement by law. In the agreement, there are four independent elements but interdependent Ness volunteering, skills, knowledge and choice making. Papa suggested to be voluntary patient treatment. Ability means a level of patient’s ability to know the nature and consequences of the proposed treatment. Knowledge means that sufficient information on the nature and consequences of treatment was told to the patient. Choice making, the ability to make decisions regarding consent. To be legally valid in all these elements must be present in the consent.

CONSENT

Consent may be of three types namely, implied, express or implied.

When a patient consults a doctor of implied consent, is there to make history, a general physical examination and thus allowing the physician to treat the patient.

A consent may be written or oral. This type of agreement must be made unless a tacit consent, or when no risk is involved. Express consent includes consent, which is the ideal form of consent, as it includes all vital aspects of choice making. Express consent can be verbal and verbal.

oral consent is usually taken for medical procedures, such as injecting drug users, blood for pathological examination, gynecological exams, etc., oral consent may prove in court if he was in front of witnesses or records medical history of patient consent was taken orally.

Written consent is given by the major medical procedures and surgery. Written consent to medical treatment and forms, the best defense a physician to avoid criminal liability.

In addition, the medical code of ethics established by the Medical Council of India (approved by the Central Government under section 33 of the Law of the Medical Council of India, 1956) contains a chapter on disciplinary action, which outlines a list of responsibilities, the violation is misconduct. Section 13 of this chapter is the responsibility of a physician after obtaining the explicit consent (in writing).
“13. Before surgery, the physician must obtain the written consent of the spouse, parent or guardian in the case of a minor, or the patient himself and in his case. In an operation which can lead the sterility of the consent of both spouses is required. “

Presumed consent is vital in an emergency where consent can not be taken. Another example of presumed consent, as practiced in some countries (USA, Spain and France) is in post-mortem cases if there is an objection or pre-recorded a bit of opposition from the family of the deceased before his death, corneas can be removed for transplantation. Presumed consent allows the removal of organs unless the deceased has selected objects or the family, unless there is a pre-recorded objection or opposition is a sign of the next of kin of the deceased.

aspects of legal consent

age that can be validly consent

Unlike India, many countries have legislated age to give valid consent for a medical examination and procedures.

India section 90 of the Penal Code states: “The consent of a person drunk, mentally ill or a person under the age of twelve years is not valid.” It follows from Article 90 of the CPI, we can say that in general, a child or a child may consent to medical or surgical treatment if he or she is more than twelve years as long as the treatment is designed for your benefit and is done in excellent faith. Thus is this school of thought to a doctor can not be held criminally responsible if a person over 12 years has given his consent to undergo the treatment proposed for him.

Another school of thought believes, but, that the valid consent can be given at least eighteen years. They believe that the agreement is a contract between two parties as specified in the Contract Law of India to enter into a contract both parties must be at least ten -eight years, this should be ancient enough to give valid consent to the medicine. But, the Contract Law of India does not specifically apply to medicine.

In the absence of clear legislation in this regard most doctors believe that the consent of a person over twelve years and valid under eighteen medical examination for medical procedures and prefer to have the consent of parent / guardian. They feel this will be beneficial in cases of liability. To resolve this problem requires the approval of legislation specifying age of consent for medical reasons valid, as has been done in other countries, so that the arbitrary can be eliminated and avoid legal problems.

competition capacity to give valid consent is an essential agreement is an essential element of informed consent. The appearance of the age at which consent may be valid for specific medical treatment was discussed above. But, there are several other factors that determine the competence of a person.

The ethical dimension of informed consent promotes respect for individual autonomy in making medical decisions. But, there are conditions that severely limit the autonomy of choice and thus also independent. People with a learning disability or physical or mental illness may be temporarily unable to make autonomous decisions in because of their condition. In these cases, the concepts of capacity and competence are very vital in determining the extent to which a person’s autonomy is restricted, and that person can give valid consent

. It is a legal term

competition, and the courts to choose the jurisdiction of a person based on contributions to the doctors to give an opinion on the ability of the patient’s inability to immobilizing material to the person to know the facts and make independent decisions.

exception to consent

Emergency

a. Doctrine:. In an emergency medical consent must not be obtained, if the circumstances are such that it is impossible for that person to give consent

According to Article 92 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) treatment without the consent of admissible only if the patient is unconscious, mentally ill or seriously ill. When the time required for disclosure would make a significant risk of harm to patients or third parties, full disclosure requirements do not apply. It is assumed that the procedure / surgery is performed to save the life or physical integrity of the patient. If possible, replace consent / proxy to be taken.

b. Warning: Patients may waive their rights to receive information. This should be a waiver of knowledge and information, that is, patients should be aware of their right to receive information, to appoint a representative to receive information or be told at a later date.

patients with affective disorders in the physician should question for an expert to establish that the patient is emotionally disturbed. The procedure requires the doctor to take note of withholding information and reason.

d. Incompetence: The exception to informed consent was discussed in detail above. incompetent patients can not, as a matter of law, to give informed consent because they lack the ability to know and to know the situation so they can make a reasonable choice. State law generally provides alternative mechanisms by which consent can not be obtained, and requires the disclosure of a substitute choice maker. Procedure requires that when a person is unable to provide substitute consent consent can be taken from their families. Generally accepted for a spouse, adult child, parent, brother, sister, and his legal guardian.

e. Involuntary treatment: Psychiatric treatment is allowed to proceed without the informed consent of patients. This happens most often when the patient refuses treatment are released after the physical examination, administrative or judicial review.

f. It is vital to note that in a particular situation as a court-ordered evaluations of competency to stand trial, consent is not required. In this case, a psychiatrist must inform the subject and clarified that the assessment is a legal requirement and if the subject refuses to participate in the evaluation of this is included in reports or testimony. The prisoner can be examined without their consent, if requested by an officer Police not below the rank of inspector (section 53 IPC).

g. The consent of the spouses is not required for operation (including medium-term plot) or other treatments. For contraceptive sterilization consent of both spouses must be taken.

[1] (1) House of AA. Consent. Problems individuals of psychiatry. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1979, 80 (5): 321-7

SECRET STUDY TEACHING IN INDIA FOR MEDICAL AND DENTAL

Authur: Manju Bajracharya (Graduate)

Department of Orthodontics

College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University

Chongqing , China.

corresponding author:. Professor Wei Hong Dr.Dai (Dean) and Dr. Ren

brief introduction history of education in India:

ancent days, education was imported orally by the wise and Schlör and the information is transmitted from generation to the temples and community centers generation.The was the source of the school, then

Gurukul of the education system has been developed which is referred to as the traditional Hindu residential schools of learning in 18 century masters house.In, the rule of the British education system has been developed in all schools church, people in most parts of the country. The current system of education was introduced and founded by the British in the 20th century, on the recommendation of maucaulay (western style and content).

The current education system in India consist mainly of primary, secondary, higher secondary education, higher education is made up of 8 years teaching education.primary, each secondary and upper consists of two years of education and higher education starts from 12 satandard. Graduation in India may take 3 to 5 years of postgraduate courses are usually 2-3 graduate period of one year and then followed by several educational research institute is also available in India.

Medical studies in dentistry

in India:

The Dental Council of India (DCI) was made in 1949. It is a statutory body of government with six groups: central government, state government, universities, dental schools and the Faculty of Medicine, the Medical Council of India and private doctors of dentistry. The funds for the DCI is organized by the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India and other resources. The main objectives of the DCI in India (Ponmelil VA, 2007):

– Maintenance of uniform standards of dental education at all levels of education

– To maintain the standard program for education of dentists

. – To maintain standards of examination and other requirements for graduation problems

health related to teeth, gums and other soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity treated by dental science. Some specialized areas of dentistry are (Ponmelil VA, 2007):

– Orthodontics

– Periodontics

– Operative Dentistry and Endodontics

– Prosthesis

– Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

– Pediatric Dentistry

-. Oral Pathology

qualifying criteria:

In India, candidates (students) who wish to study Bachelor of Dental Science (BDS) course must have passed 10 +2 with Physics, Chemistry and Biology (PCM) with at least 50%. Entrance examination is conducted by CBSE for both MBBS and Bachelor of Dental Science (BDS) in India and all students must pass entrance exams to qualify for admission.

employment opportunities and career opportunities for candidates with BDS, or a higher level of quality in dental school are brilliant. Many dental departments in hospitals, dental nursing homes, dental clinics, etc. provide a excellent place for dentists. Dentists can work in the department of education in dental schools or research and consulting functions of pharmaceutical companies producing oral care products and pharmaceuticals.

teaching pedagogy (method):

At the SDE, the courses are taught as lectures and demonstrations. The third year, students start to attend dental clinics in general medicine and general surgery, in addition to attending lectures, demonstrations, and guide them in the role of general practice dentist. The BDS course is taught in a combination of basic sciences and clinical dental practice and laboratory techniques. Of course being a BDS curriculum consists of three main components (place of study, 2009): – Problems related to medicine and dentistry

– Second component parallel to the first and deals with specific aspects of oral tissues and of dental and oral anatomy Oral Pathology

– the third component is based on the first two, concerns the clinical and technical aspects of dentistry

Study Themes:

First Year

Second Year

1. General, including human anatomy and Embryology Histology
2. General human physiology and biochemistry of nutrition and Dietics
3. Dental Anatomy, Oral Histology and Embryology
4. Dental Materials
5. Preclinical Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge

1. General Pathology and Microbiology
2. General and Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics
3. Dental Materials
4. Dentistry pré-cliniques
5. Preclinical and crown and bridge prosthodontics
6. Oral pathology and oral microbiology

Third Year

Year IV

1. General medicine
2.
3 General Surgery. Oral Pathology and Microbiology
4. Conservative dentistry and endodontics
5. Oral and Maxillofacial
6. Oral medicine and radiology
7. Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
8. Pediatric Dentistry and preventive
9. Periodontics
10. Dentures and crowns and bridges

1. Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
2. Oral medicine and radiology
3. Pediatric Dentistry and preventive
4. Periodontics
5. Oral and Maxillofacial
6. Dentures and crowns and bridges
7. Conservative dentistry and endodontics
8. Dental Public Health

season:

1. Oral and Maxillofacial
2. Dentures and crowns and bridges
3. Conservative dentistry and endodontics
4. Dental Public Health

Source:

educational methods are recommended:. seminars, symposia and workshops, literature review and automated tutorials / self learning packages

AIIMS, a unique and dynamic methods of experiential learning and teaching are used to teach, share and preserve knowledge and skills. This concept of integrated learning methodology includes lectures, case studies, simulation exercises, trade unions, focus groups and specific projects to help develop conceptual skills, analytical and choice-making students. The main thought of ??this method is that students are actively involved in the process of operational choice-making of different types of activities in high school and prepare them to become independent and confident about managing real life in hospitals and health centers. In the same student performance is monitored with direct observation and comments are always on their performance (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 2010).

Praver Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) (deemed University) introduced problem-based learning (PBL) in India in the undergraduate program in medicine. The PBL curriculum was developed and implemented under the leadership of the University of Linköping, Sweden. PIMS also starts teaching methods and other community oriented medical education (COME), integrated teaching, micro teaching and learning in the PBL project. Each student is assigned five families from the villages to explore along the way. Students are involved in various social activities for families of the people (Prava Institute of Medical Sciences, 2010).

different teaching methodologies used in the study of medicine in India are as follows (Singh, Singh, Gautam, 2009):

Problem-based learning

v (PBL)

v case simulated learning

v patient-centered learning

v Early clinical exposure (ECE)

v several training sessions

Vark v

v animation teacher based (ABL)

A study on the different types of teaching methods: ABL, Board of Education, PowerPoint slides, showed students prefer to use the ABL method for teaching , where a drawing or complex procedures to bring on board. Most students do not like PowerPoint slides used in teaching, as they considered a public school teacher in place of the teacher in the teaching methods. Teach the ancient, with the board and chalk, where he stayed from direct interaction with the teacher at the bus stop preferably with a suggestion to use the technique in certain situations ABL is appropriate.

limits in medical school

But the teaching technique that is used to teach there are still some problems with the medical students who spent his degree in control against the health needs of society (R. Sood, Adkoli BV, 2000). Medical students are given a excellent knowledge of medical science in universities, but students do not have the clinical skills and problem solving techniques that are at the heart of clinical competence. Medical schools in India follow a traditional curriculum with a large body of knowledge on the basic sciences and clinical subjects .