Archive for the ‘Sleeping Pills’ Category
October 21st, 2011 | 
Author: Price and reimbursement – Reference prices and economic evaluations will dominate future prices and reimbursement strategies
Summary
Recent research, “Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement – The reference prices and economic evaluations will dominate the price and future strategies for reimbursement” provides key data, information and analysis of key issues affecting pricing and reimbursement decisions in the world. It examines the major changes were observed in the pharmaceutical industry and the world of health. The report also addresses specific issues in particular geographical areas. Geographies covered include the United States and Western Europe, Asia-Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. It covers pricing and reimbursement mechanisms in different countries and the impact of problems in key stakeholders. The report places particular emphasis on orphan medicinal products and prices and models for reimbursement of orphan drugs are different from traditional mechanisms.
This report is based on data and information of proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in house analysis by the investigative team of industry experts GBI.
The scope of this report include:
– Identification and analysis of key issues affecting pricing decisions and reimbursement in five different geographical areas. These include North America, Western Europe, Asia-Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe and Scandinavia
– Analysis of problems and the potential impact of pricing decisions and reimbursement of key players
– Analysis of price trends and mechanisms repayment in different countries and identify as part of a unique geography that
all – Qualitative analysis of the forces that are behind and stem the pricing and reimbursement in a geography
including – Outlook for the future of pricing and reimbursement of geographic trends in question
Reasons to buy
The report will improve their choice-making and allow
– To develop an understanding of the major problems in pricing and reimbursement landscapes
– Identify the impact of each issue in your business and develop solutions for negative impacts ” br /> – better negotiation with government agencies to maximize the reimbursement of medicines by understanding the mechanism of pricing and reimbursement
– Develop effective business strategies for pricing a drug that will be implemented in all the markets considered in this report
– Identify and know the factors that could contribute to maximize the return of drugs to a particular geography in the future
For more information on this report and buy a copy, visit:
Contact:
Visionshopsters
Tel: 91-22-40583000
Email: Website marketing@visionshopsters.com
: www.visionshopsters.com
Posted in Sleeping Pills | 
Tags: dominate, Economic, evaluations, future, pharmaceutical, Price, prices, Pricing, Reference, Reimbursement, Strategies | 
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Patents and ethics in the pharmaceutical industry
Abstract />
This document refers to the impact of strict patents in the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on the commercial aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS). It analyzes the current political context and history to better know how strict patents affect the availability of essential drugs in developing countries.
Research shows that the pharmaceutical industry prioritizes profit above health. Patents reduce the strict availability and accessibility of new essential drugs in developing countries, and therefore have a negative impact on the health of the world’s poor. Large pharmaceutical companies benefit more than smaller firms because they have a monopoly in the industry. To invest more in research and development in relation to economies of scale, are better placed to exploit new markets for drugs.
The example of India stressed the importance of generic production of essential drugs in developing countries. This shows that the movement while promoting economic growth in the industry and encourages investment in research and development of new drugs, the increase in prices of new medicines, thereby isolating the benefits of most poor people in developing countries in development.
The paper suggests that policies based on current and historical trade, developed countries have an ethical obligation to help poor countries develop infrastructure for industrial, pharmaceutical liability for failure to comply. It is suggested that TRIPS allows the examination of an ethical framework. This includes increasing the public funding of research and development, reduce the duration of patents and allow developing countries to produce generic essential medicines.
The paper highlights the interplay of social, economic and political issues can increase the availability of essential drugs in developing countries. He stressed the importance of better understanding the issues related to patents strictly, and why the scientific community is essential to this process in terms of outreach and collaboration with external organizations and concerned citizens to the press in the end governments changing national and international level.
Table of Contents
1.
Presentation
1.1 What are the laws on patents?
1.2 What is TRIPS?
1.3 Scope and Structure document
2. The pharmaceutical industry profit or improve health?
2.1 Scale of profit
2.2 Priorities for investment
2.3 Dissemination
3. Essential drugs and generic production
4. Impact of TRIPS
4.1 The key benefits
4.2 Key disadvantages
4.3 The Doha Agreement and the compulsory license
5. Conclusions
6. References
1.
INTRODUCTION
“As the ancient scourge of vaccine against polio has disposed of its 50 years, Jonas Salk, inventor of the vaccine against polio was questioned why he had never had a patent on the drug, made it clear that immensely rich. “There is no patent,” said … “Could you patent the sun?” “(The magazine Salon.com, 2001).
This article explores the impact of pharmaceutical patents in the availability of drugs in the Third World, focusing on the impact of Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). It emphasizes the value of essential drugs and generic production in developing countries, with India as a case study. It also explores alternatives to the TRIPS Agreement and the role of the scientific community.
1.1 What are the laws on patents?
A patent may be defined as “a monopoly right granted to the person who invented a new article and useful, an improvement of an existing article or a new method for producing an article.” This is an exclusive right to manufacture the new article invented or manufacture an article according to the method invented for a limited period. During the term of the patent, the patent owner, ie the owner can prevent others the opportunity to use the invention .
Figure 1: A Brief History of Patent Law
The calendar below shows the brief recent history of patents in the world.
1880-1882 />
1883 />
international
1947 International Patent Institute (IIB), established in The Hague
1970 />
1978 />
1979 />
1980 />
Patents in the pharmaceutical industry has a clear objective. They provide a strong incentive for companies to invest in research and development of new drugs, knowing they will be able to recover costs and then delight in the new drug. But, patents allow companies to parents to control the price and availability of new drugs. There is no competition from other companies to produce the drug, which can lower the price. Therefore, the increase in patent term may reduce the availability of new essential drugs in developing new developments, with consequent health problems.
Essential drugs can be broadly defined as those that meet the health needs of the majority of the population. They should ideally be available at all times in adequate amounts, in an appropriate manner at a reasonable price (affordable) price, and meet the criteria of quality, safety and efficiency (New Times, Sound, 1998 ).
The term of a patent, medicines, essential or nonessential, can not be produced by the parent. This means no competition from other companies to produce the drug, and the parent can question a high price for the drug, which makes the drug is not available for the poorest.
New drugs tend to be more available to developed countries, because people are rich and can afford higher prices. For this reason, pharmaceutical companies tend to market their drugs in developed countries. In general, developed countries benefit most from new technologies and advances in science because their governments, companies and individuals can afford the technology.
(WTO), World Trade Organization Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which extends the patent term, allows companies to dramatically increase their profits and increase the technology gap between developed and development.
1.2 What is TRIPS?
The trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) was introduced in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) at the end of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations in 1994. Which came into force in January 2005, and its inclusion in the World Trade Organization (WTO) was the “culmination of a program of intense lobbying” of the United States, supported by the EU, Japan and other developed countries.
The U.S. strategy of linking trade policy to intellectual property rules back to the senior management of Pfizer (a large pharmaceutical company in the U.S.) in early 1980. Pfizer is mobilized and maximizing intellectual property privileges the number one priority of trade policy of the United States.
According to the WTO, “TRIPS is an attempt to find a balance between long-term social incentives for future inventions and creation, and small-term goal of enabling people to use the inventions and creations.
The following requirements of the TRIPS Agreement relating to the use of pharmaceutical patents.
? Copyright must be granted automatically, and not based on a “formality”, such as files or systems of renewal.
? Exceptions in national copyright (such as “honest use” in the U.S.) should be rather limited.
? Patents should be granted in all “fields of technology” (whether the public interest to do so).
? Exceptions to the law of patents must be limited nearly as strictly as copyright laws. In each state, intellectual property laws may not provide benefits to local citizens who are not available to citizens of countries other signatories of the TRIPS (the so-called “national treatment”). TRIPS also has a clause in the most favored nation.
? Patents in the pharmaceutical industry will apply for 20 years instead of 10 to 15 years.
Some developing countries have begun to grant its own patent protection in late 1980, but TRIPS is a mandatory requirement for any country that wants to be a member of the World Trade Center, and with it access to international markets of memberchip and trade relations. Countries have not adopted the TRIPS can be disciplined by the dispute settlement mechanism of WTO, which is able to authorize trade sanctions against states dissidents. Therefore threats, economic and poltical, which could cripple the economy of the poor ,